2023考研英語真題精講之英一翻譯
（S1-S8）
【真題原文】
①Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. ②What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. ③(61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature,and so on. ④Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. ⑤(62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. ⑥The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. ⑦It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. ⑧(63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. ⑨As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. ⑩It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched. ?Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. ?(64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. ?A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. ?It also raises questions concerning “values.” ?Who will use a technology and to what ends? ?(65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
【逐句精講】
⑨As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.
結構分析：本句是as引導的狀語從句，as引導從句，主句由and連接，構成并列結構。
interaction ：n. 互動，交流；相互影響，相互作用
organism ：n. 生物，有機體，（尤指）微生物
assign ：v. 分派，布置（工作、任務）；分配（某物）；指派，派遣
assigned ：adj. 指定的；已分配的
accessible ：adj. 可到達的，可進入的；易得到的，可使用的；可以理解的
available ：adj. 可用的，可獲得的；有空的
句1譯文：As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood：隨著生物和環境之間的相互作用逐漸被理解
句2譯文：effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions：曾經被歸結為心理狀態、情感和性格特征的作用，現在開始被歸結到某些可接近的條件作用
句3譯文：a technology of behavior may therefore become available.因此，產生一種行為技術才變得可能。
【完整譯文】
⑨然而，隨著人們開始理解生物與環境間的相互作用（被動句譯成主動句），曾經被歸結為心理狀態、情感和性格特征的作用，現在開始被歸結到某些可接近的條件作用；因此，產生一種行為技術才變得可能。
⑩It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched.
結構分析：本句包含由until引導的時間狀語從句“直到……才”；主句為：It will not solve our problems；until引導兩個簡單句，由and連接（these代詞，指代的是前文的views）。
traditional ：adj. 傳統的；因襲的，守舊的；（活動）慣例的，經常從事的；典型的，普通的
prescientific ：adj. 近代科學出現以前的；科學發展以前的
entrenched ：adj. 根深蒂固的；確立的，不容易改的
① It will not solve our problems.
譯文：它（這）解決不了我們的問題。
② it replaces traditional prescientific views.
（聯系上下文it在這里指代的是a technology of behavior）
譯文：行為技術取代科學出現之前形成的傳統觀念。
③these are strongly entrenched.
譯文：這些觀念根深蒂固。
【完整譯文】
⑩然而，除非行為技術取代科學出現之前形成的傳統觀念，否則它無法解決我們的問題，而這些觀念根深蒂固。（這里需要注意until的翻譯，until字面意義為“直到……才”；而在這個句子中，并不十分強調時間，轉而譯成了“除非……否則”）
?Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.
dignity ：n. 尊嚴，自尊；莊嚴，端莊，莊重
illustrate ：v. 加插圖于；說明，闡明；證明，證實
difficulty ：n. 困難；難題；困境
【完整譯文】
自由和尊嚴就能說明困難程度。
?(64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
結構分析：本句是由and連接的兩個小句，句子均為主系表結構；第一小句需要注意雙重所有格，第二小句需要注意in which引導定語從句修飾practices，從句是被動語態（is held），翻譯時需要注意。
possession ：n. <正式> 擁有，持有；個人財產，所有物；
autonomous : adj. 自治的，有自治權的；自主的，有自主權的
essential : adj. 必不可少的，非常重要的；基本的
n. 必不可少的東西，必需品
conduct : v. 實施，進行；指揮；帶領，引導
n. 行為，舉止；經營方式，管理方法
give credit for: 把……歸功于；因……而受到表揚
句一譯文：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory：它們是傳統理論定義的自主人的所有物（需要注意這里的they指代的是上一句的freedom and dignity；self-governing解釋autonomous意思一樣，翻譯出一個即可）
句二譯文：they are essential to practices：它們是練習（做法）的必要條件。
句三譯文：a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements一個人應該對他的行為負責，因其成就受到贊揚。
【完整譯文】
?它們是傳統理論定義的自主人的所有物，是要求一個人應該對其行為負責并因其成就給予肯定的必不可少的前提。
?A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.
結構分析：本句為簡單句，注意尋找謂語動詞
shifts ：v. （使）移動，（使）轉移；（句中使用的是動詞詞性，做謂語常和to搭配）
n. 改變，轉變；
responsibility ： n. 責任，負責；（對不良事件所負的）責任
【完整譯文】
科學分析把重心從責任和成就轉向了環境。
?It also raises questions concerning “values.”
結構分析：本句為簡單句，concerning 后置修飾questions
concerning ：prep. 關于，涉及
adj. 讓人不安的，令人擔憂的
v. 有關，關于；影響；使擔心（concern 的現在分詞形式）
【完整譯文】
這也引發了關于“價值”的問題。
?Who will use a technology and to what ends?
結構分析：該句為and連接的并列句，分別Who（主） will use （謂）a technology（賓）；句子2：to what ends為省略形式，完整內容為：（he will use a technology） to what ends
end ：n. 最后部分，末尾；結束，結局；端點；目的；剩余物，殘余
v. 結束，終止
句1譯文：誰將使用這個技術？
句2譯文：（他）要去達到什么目的？（注意ends：目的，這里是熟詞僻義）
【完整譯文】
誰來使用這一技術，又要達到何種目的？
?(65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
結構分析：本句結構較為復雜，既考察并列結構、狀語從句，也考察省略情況?？蓜澐譃椋?/span>Until these issues are resolved, /a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
句一是until引導的時間狀語從句，包含被動語態are resolved，可譯為：直到這些問題被解決。
句二：行為技術會繼續被拒絕（排斥）。
句三相對較難，and做連詞與句二并列，with做伴隨狀語，possibly副詞做狀語，the only way是主語，to solve our problems后置定語修飾主語，這里省略謂語will continue to be rejected，（并列結構，謂語與前面一樣，這里進行了省略），還原為：the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it.可譯為：解決問題的惟一方式可能也隨之受到排斥。
reject：v. 拒絕，否決（提議、建議或請求）；擯棄，不接受（信仰或政治制度）
n. 次品，廢品；不合格者，被排斥者
【完整譯文】
這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術手段就會繼續受到排斥，解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續受到排斥。（翻譯最終未進行逐字對應，未把until譯為直到，翻譯時要注意until的正話反譯）
